Standard hardware components refer to commonly used parts (or components) that have been fully standardized in terms of structure, dimensions, drawing methods, markings, etc., and are produced by specialized manufacturers, such as threaded parts, keys, pins, rolling bearings, etc.

Parts include

Generally refers to standard parts made of metal, which typically include the following 12 types of components:

Bolts

A type of fastener consisting of a head and a screw (a cylindrical body with external threads), which must be paired with a nut to fasten and connect two parts with through holes. This type of connection is called a bolt connection. If the nut is unscrewed from the bolt, it can separate the two parts, so the bolt connection is considered a detachable connection.

Studs

A type of fastener without a head, with external threads at both ends. During connection, one end must be screwed into a part with an internal threaded hole, while the other end passes through a part with a through hole, and then a nut is screwed on, thus fastening the two parts into a whole. This type of connection is called a stud connection, which is also a detachable connection.

Screws

Also a type of fastener consisting of a head and a screw, which can be divided into three categories based on their use: machine screws, set screws, and special-purpose screws. Machine screws are mainly used for fastening connections between a part with a set threaded hole and a part with a through hole, without the need for a nut (this type of connection is called a screw connection, which is also a detachable connection; it can also be paired with a nut for fastening connections between two parts with through holes). Set screws are mainly used to fix the relative position between two parts. Special-purpose screws are often used for hoisting parts.

Nuts

With an internal threaded hole, generally shaped like a flat hexagonal prism, it can also be in the form of a flat square prism or flat cylindrical shape, paired with bolts, studs, or machine screws, used to fasten and connect two parts, making them a whole.

Self-tapping screws

Similar to machine screws, but the threads on the screw are specialized for self-tapping screws. Used to fasten and connect two thin metal components, making them a whole, with a small hole pre-made in the components. Due to the high hardness of this type of screw, it can be directly screwed into the hole of the component, forming corresponding internal threads in the component. This type of connection is also considered a detachable connection.

Wood screws

Similar to machine screws, but the threads on the screw are specialized for wood screws, which can be directly screwed into wooden components (or parts), used to fasten and connect a metal (or non-metal) part with a through hole to a wooden component. This type of connection is also considered a detachable connection.

Washers

A type of fastener shaped like a flat ring. Placed between the supporting surface of a bolt, screw, or nut and the surface of the connected part, it serves to increase the contact surface area of the connected parts, reduce unit area pressure, and protect the surface of the connected parts from damage.

Retaining rings

Used to be installed in the shaft grooves or hole grooves of machines and equipment, serving to prevent parts on the shaft or in the hole from moving left or right.

Pins

Mainly used for positioning parts, some can also be used for connecting parts, fixing parts, transmitting power, or locking other fasteners.

Rivets

A type of fastener consisting of a head and a pin, used to fasten and connect two parts (or components) with through holes, making them a whole. This type of connection is called a rivet connection, abbreviated as riveting. It is considered a non-detachable connection. To separate the two connected parts, the rivet on the parts must be destroyed.

Assemblies and connection pairs

Assemblies refer to a type of fastener supplied in combination, such as a certain type of machine screw (or bolt, self-tapping screw) combined with flat washers (or spring washers, lock washers); connection pairs refer to a type of fastener supplied in combination, such as a certain type of specialized bolt, nut, and washer, like a high-strength large hexagon head bolt connection pair for steel structures.

Weld studs

A type of fastener consisting of a pin and a pin head (or without a pin head), fixed to a part (or component) using welding methods, so that it can be connected with other parts.